Under authority of the Federal Meat, Poultry and Egg Products Inspection Acts, Food Safety and Inspection Service (FSIS) of the USDA inspects and monitors all meat, poultry and egg products sold in interstate and foreign commerce to ensure compliance with mandatory US food safety standards and inspection legislation.聯(lián)邦肉類，家禽及蛋產(chǎn)品檢驗(yàn)法令食物安全及檢驗(yàn)局 (FSIS的美國(guó)農(nóng)業(yè)部)的檢查和監(jiān)控所有的肉類，家禽及蛋制品外國(guó)商業(yè)和跨州銷售，以確保遵守強(qiáng)制性標(biāo)準(zhǔn)，美國(guó)食品安全檢查的立法。

The Federal Meat Inspection Act of 1967 i of 1968 requires more than 3,000 state inspected processing in 26 states to meet standards that are “at least equal to” standards for federally inspected plants.聯(lián)邦肉類檢驗(yàn)法1967年1968年我的狀態(tài)，需要3000多個(gè)檢查在26個(gè)國(guó)家的加工，以滿足植物的標(biāo)準(zhǔn)是“至少等于”標(biāo)準(zhǔn)聯(lián)邦檢查。 However, the law inhibits the state inspected plants from selling meat and poultry and specialty products, such as sausage, pizza and jerky, across state lines, a privilege enjoyed by foreign and federally inspected competitors.不過(guò)，法律抑制狀態(tài)檢查出售的肉類和家禽和特種產(chǎn)品，如香腸，比薩餅和肉干廠，跨州，外國(guó)和聯(lián)邦檢查的競(jìng)爭(zhēng)對(duì)手享有特權(quán)。

Establishments have the option to apply for Federal or State inspection.機(jī)構(gòu)已選擇在聯(lián)邦或州申請(qǐng)檢驗(yàn)。 Under the agreement, a State's program must enforce requirements "at least equal to" those imposed under the Federal Meat and Poultry Products Inspection Acts.根據(jù)協(xié)議，一個(gè)國(guó)家的程序必須執(zhí)行的要求“至少等于”根據(jù)聯(lián)邦肉類和家禽產(chǎn)品檢驗(yàn)規(guī)定的行為。 However, product produced under State inspection is limited to intrastate commerce.然而，根據(jù)國(guó)家檢驗(yàn)產(chǎn)品生產(chǎn)僅限于州內(nèi)貿(mào)易。 FSIS provides up to 50% of the State's operating funds, as well as training and other assistance. FSIS的提供多達(dá)50國(guó)的營(yíng)運(yùn)資金%，以及培訓(xùn)和其他援助。

Inspection of Meat and Poultry ii肉類和家禽檢查第二

USDA's Food Safety and Inspection Service (FSIS) is responsible for inspecting most meat, poultry, and processed egg products for safety, wholesomeness, and proper labeling.美國(guó)農(nóng)業(yè)部食品安全檢驗(yàn)局(FSIS)負(fù)責(zé)檢查大多數(shù)肉類，家禽，并負(fù)責(zé)安全加工蛋制品，的衛(wèi)生，和適當(dāng)?shù)臉?biāo)簽。 Federal inspectors or their state counterparts are present at all times in virtually all slaughter plants and for at least part of each day in establishments that further process meat and poultry products.聯(lián)邦檢查人員或他們的對(duì)手是目前國(guó)家在幾乎所有屠宰廠的所有時(shí)間和每天至少有部分機(jī)構(gòu)，進(jìn)一步加工肉類和禽類產(chǎn)品。 The Food and Drug Administration (FDA) is responsible for ensuring the safety of all other foods, including seafood, and for animal drugs and feed ingredients.美國(guó)食品和藥物管理局(FDA)負(fù)責(zé)確保所有其他食品的安全，包括海鮮，并負(fù)責(zé)動(dòng)物藥品和飼料原料。

States are important partners in the meat inspection system .各國(guó)都在重要的合作伙伴肉類檢查制度 。 The 1967 Federal Meat Inspection Act and the 1968 Wholesome Poultry Products Act established a state-federal cooperative inspection program which requires state inspection programs to be “at least equal to” the federal program. 1967年的聯(lián)邦肉類檢驗(yàn)法和1968年?duì)柹芳仪莓a(chǎn)品法建立了國(guó)家，聯(lián)邦合作社視察計(jì)劃，需要國(guó)家檢驗(yàn)的方案是“至少等于”的聯(lián)邦計(jì)劃。 Twenty-eight states currently have their own meat and poultry inspection programs serving about 2,000 small or very small establishments. 28個(gè)國(guó)家目前有自己的肉類和家禽的檢查方案約2000小或非常小的服務(wù)機(jī)構(gòu)。 In approximately one-third of the states with inspection programs, the state inspectors provide inspection coverage for both federal and state facilities under a program known as Talmidge/Aiken Act (T/A).在大約一個(gè)與第三國(guó)的檢查方案，國(guó)家督學(xué)提供聯(lián)邦和州設(shè)施等作為T(mén)almidge /艾肯法(?稱為程序檢查覆蓋/甲)。 The 1962 Talmidge/Aiken Act was designed to “avoid duplication of functions, facilities, and personnel and to attain closer coordination and greatern effectiveness and economy of administration of federal and state laws.” Nine of the current 28 states with inspection programs have cooperative T/A agreements with FSIS, covering a total of 307 federally inspected plants. 1962年Talmidge /艾肯法的目的是要“避免職能，設(shè)施重復(fù)，人員，并實(shí)現(xiàn)更密切的協(xié)調(diào)和greatern有效性和聯(lián)邦及州法律管理經(jīng)濟(jì)。”目前28州中有九個(gè)檢查計(jì)劃合作? /阿與FSIS的協(xié)議，總占地307聯(lián)邦政府視察工廠。 Further, FSIS routinely calls on the states to assist them under a cross-utilization cooperative agreement similar to the Talmaidage/Aiken agreement.此外，F(xiàn)SIS的經(jīng)常呼吁協(xié)助下跨利用他們的合作協(xié)議類似Talmaidage /艾肯協(xié)議的國(guó)家。

State and local government food safety programs currently conduct more than 80 percent of the food establishment inspections, respond to and manage the majority of food emergencies in the Nation, and conduct the majority of food products testing for bacteriological or chemical contamination.國(guó)家和地方政府的食品安全計(jì)劃目前進(jìn)行的食肆巡查百分之八十以上，答復(fù)和處理緊急情況的食品在全國(guó)多數(shù)，并進(jìn)行細(xì)菌的食物或化學(xué)污染檢測(cè)的大部分產(chǎn)品。 There has never been a documented food illness from state-inspected meat and poultry products.從來(lái)沒(méi)有一個(gè)生病的狀態(tài)記錄食物視察肉類和家禽產(chǎn)品。

Statutory Authorities法定機(jī)構(gòu)

The Federal Meat Inspection Act of 1906 iii requires USDA to inspect all cattle, sheep, swine, goats, and horses brought into any plant to be slaughtered and processed into products for human consumption.聯(lián)邦肉類檢驗(yàn)法要求美國(guó)農(nóng)業(yè)部1906年第三檢查所有牛，羊，豬，山羊，種植任何馬匹帶入到屠宰加工和消費(fèi)產(chǎn)品的人進(jìn)入。 The 1957 Poultry Products Inspection Act iv made poultry inspection mandatory for any domesticated birds intended for use as human food. 1957年家禽產(chǎn)品檢驗(yàn)法四取得家禽的檢查，必須使用作為人類食物為目的的任何馴化的鳥(niǎo)類。 The current list of species includes chickens, turkeys, ducks, geese, guineas, ratites (ostrich, emu, and rhea), and squabs (pigeons up to one month old).目前的物種名單中包括雞，火雞，鴨，鵝，幾內(nèi)亞，平胸鳥(niǎo)(鴕鳥(niǎo)，鴯鹋，和瑞亞)和squabs(鴿子長(zhǎng)達(dá)1個(gè)月大)。

The Meat Inspection Act of 1906 was amended by the 1967 Federal Meat Inspection Act (FMIA) v and the 1968 Poultry Products Inspection Act (PPIA) vi .在肉類檢驗(yàn)法1906年進(jìn)行了修改，1967年聯(lián)邦肉類檢驗(yàn)法(FMIA)v和1968年家禽產(chǎn)品檢驗(yàn)法(PPIA) 六 。 These 1967 and 1968 acts established the state-federal cooperative inspection program which require state inspection programs to be “at least equal to” the federal inspection program. 1967年和1968年，這些行為成立的聯(lián)邦政府與各州合作考察計(jì)劃，需要國(guó)家的檢查計(jì)劃將“至少等同于”聯(lián)邦檢查計(jì)劃。 However, the laws also limit products receiving state inspection to distribution solely within that state.但是，法律還限制只在該州獲得國(guó)家免檢產(chǎn)品的分銷渠道。 The states run the programs cooperatively with FSIS, which provides 50 percent of the funds for operating them.各州運(yùn)行與FSIS的合作，提供它們的經(jīng)營(yíng)資金百分之五十的方案。 No other agricultural commodity (fruits, vegetables, grain, and dairy products) have similar restrictions to interstate commerce.沒(méi)有任何其他農(nóng)產(chǎn)品(水果，蔬菜，糧食，奶制品)必須州際商務(wù)類似的限制。

Inspection Program Basics檢查計(jì)劃入門(mén)

The 1967 and 1968 Acts stressed the need for cooperation between state and federal authorities, and gave USDA clear responsibility for setting a national standard for meat and poultry inspection. 1967年和1968年的法令強(qiáng)調(diào)，國(guó)家之間合作的必要性和聯(lián)邦當(dāng)局，并設(shè)置了美國(guó)農(nóng)業(yè)部對(duì)肉類和家禽的檢驗(yàn)國(guó)家標(biāo)準(zhǔn)明確責(zé)任。 USDA is required to monitor state programs and to assume direct responsibility at state plants if a state fails to develop or effectively enforce inspection requirements "at least equal to" those under the federal acts.美國(guó)農(nóng)業(yè)部要求監(jiān)督國(guó)家方案，并在承擔(dān)國(guó)家植物直接責(zé)任，如果一個(gè)國(guó)家不發(fā)展或有效地執(zhí)行檢查要求“至少等于”根據(jù)聯(lián)邦采取的行動(dòng)。 USDA's Food Safety and Inspection Service (FSIS) annually certifies that each state inspection program is “at least equal to” federal inspection requirements.美國(guó)農(nóng)業(yè)部食品安全檢驗(yàn)局(FSIS)證明，每個(gè)國(guó)家每年檢查計(jì)劃是“至少等同于”聯(lián)邦檢查的要求。 This is verified by an FSIS review of each state's self-assessment attesting to program compliance along with supporting documentation and results of comprehensive reviews of state inspection programs.這是由每個(gè)國(guó)家的自我評(píng)估FSIS的證明方案連同支持文件和國(guó)家方案的綜合評(píng)價(jià)結(jié)果檢查遵守情況的審查核實(shí)。 Today, there are no real distinctions between state and federal inspection requirements.今天，有州政府和聯(lián)邦政府之間的檢查要求沒(méi)有真正的區(qū)別。 In fact, many states impose inspection requirements more stringent than USDA.事實(shí)上，許多國(guó)家對(duì)美國(guó)農(nóng)業(yè)部的檢驗(yàn)要求較嚴(yán)格。 FSIS has been conducting these “equal to” reviews since passage of the Acts in 1967 and 1968. FSIS的一直在進(jìn)行，因?yàn)樵?967年和1968年通過(guò)的這些行為進(jìn)行“檢討”相等。 Since that time, the agency has never unilaterally found that a state inspection program should be discontinued due to inadequacies in its inspection program.自那時(shí)以來(lái)，該機(jī)構(gòu)一直沒(méi)有發(fā)現(xiàn)，一個(gè)國(guó)家單方面檢查計(jì)劃應(yīng)當(dāng)停止在其檢查計(jì)劃因不足之處。

State Meat and Poultry Inspection Programs國(guó)家肉類及家禽檢查程序

Each state that operates a meat or poultry inspection program must submit an annual selfassessment, including supporting documentation, addressing nine specific components.每個(gè)州的經(jīng)營(yíng)肉類或家禽的檢查方案必須提交一份年度selfassessment，包括支持性文件，涉及9個(gè)具體的組成部分。

The following states have state programs:下列國(guó)家有國(guó)家的方案：

State Programs 國(guó)家計(jì)劃

Alabama亞拉巴馬 Meat & Poultry肉類和家禽

Arizona亞利桑那 Meat & Poultry肉類和家禽

Delaware特拉華州 Meat & Poultry肉類和家禽

Georgia格魯吉亞 Meat only肉類只

Illinois伊利諾伊 Meat & Poultry肉類和家禽

Indiana印地安那 Meat & Poultry肉類和家禽

Iowa艾奧瓦 Meat & Poultry肉類和家禽

Kansas堪薩斯 Meat & Poultry肉類和家禽

Louisiana路易斯安那州 Meat & Poultry肉類和家禽

Maine緬因 Meat & Poultry肉類和家禽

Minnesota明尼蘇達(dá) Meat & Poultry肉類和家禽

Mississippi密西西比 Meat & Poultry肉類和家禽

Missouri密蘇里州 Meat & Poultry肉類和家禽

Montana蒙大拿 Meat & Poultry肉類和家禽

New Mexico新墨西哥州 Meat & Poultry肉類和家禽

North Carolina北卡羅萊納州 Meat & Poultry肉類和家禽

North Dakota北達(dá)科他州 Meat only肉類只

Ohio俄亥俄 Meat & Poultry肉類和家禽

Oklahoma俄克拉荷馬 Meat & Poultry肉類和家禽

South Carolina南卡羅來(lái)納州 Meat & Poultry肉類和家禽

South Dakota南達(dá)科他州 Meat only肉類只

Texas德州 Meat & Poultry肉類和家禽

Utah猶他州 Meat & Poultry肉類和家禽

Vermont佛蒙特 Meat & Poultry肉類和家禽

Virginia弗吉尼亞 Meat & Poultry肉類和家禽

West Virginia西弗吉尼亞州 Meat & Poultry肉類和家禽

Wisconsin威斯康星 Meat & Poultry肉類和家禽

The method of state oversight was established in 1987 vii .監(jiān)督法的國(guó)家是成立于1987年七 。 This Directive is designed to “be a single source of information on the policies and procedures for the management and administration of the State-Federal Cooperative Inspection Program.”本指令旨在“是對(duì)的政策和管理和國(guó)家聯(lián)邦合作檢查項(xiàng)目管理程序的信息的唯一來(lái)源?！?

The annual self-assessment is a detailed document which provides for a review of nine basic items: (1) statutory authority and food safety regulations; (2) inspection; (3) product sampling; (4) staffing and training; (5) humane handling laws and regulations; (6) other consumer protection; (7) enforcement regulations; (8) civil rights requirements; and (9) funding and financial accountability requirements.一年一度的自我評(píng)估是一份詳細(xì)的文件，為九年：基本項(xiàng)目的審查規(guī)定(一)法定權(quán)限和食品安全法規(guī);(2)檢查;(3)產(chǎn)品抽樣;(4)人員配備和培訓(xùn);(5)人道處理的法律和法規(guī);(六)其他消費(fèi)者保護(hù);(七)實(shí)施細(xì)則(8)規(guī)定的公民權(quán)利;(九)資金和財(cái)務(wù)問(wèn)責(zé)的要求。

Oversight and Review監(jiān)督和審查

USDA is required by law to monitor state programs and to assume direct responsibility at state plants if a state fails to develop or effectively enforce inspection requirements that are “at least equal to” federal requirements. viii美國(guó)農(nóng)業(yè)部要求依法監(jiān)督國(guó)家方案，并承擔(dān)直接責(zé)任的國(guó)家植物在有一個(gè)國(guó)家不發(fā)展或有效地執(zhí)行檢查的要求是“至少等同于”聯(lián)邦的要求。㈧

First, FSIS provides the directors of state cooperative inspection programs with a copy of the FSIS Manual for State Meat and Poultry Inspection Program Reviews which includes a Self-Assessment instrument.首先，食品安全檢驗(yàn)局FSIS的方案，提供了一份董事視察國(guó)家合作手冊(cè)國(guó)家肉類及家禽檢查計(jì)劃的意見(jiàn) ，其中包括一個(gè)自我評(píng)估的工具。 To be deemed “at least equal-to” the federal program, a state program must address all components included in the self-assessment and submit the completed form, with all supporting documentation, to the FSIS Review Staff Director along with a signed Certificate of Program Compliance.要被視為“至少等于到”聯(lián)邦計(jì)劃，國(guó)家計(jì)劃必須解決所有的組件在自我評(píng)估，并提交包括填妥的表格，所有證明文件，向FSIS的審查工作人員主任一起簽署證書(shū)方案的遵守。 Each state program must submit an annual update of the self-assessment to FSIS on or before November 15th of each year.每個(gè)國(guó)家方案必須提交一份自我評(píng)估每年更新，或?qū)κ称钒踩珯z驗(yàn)局在每年11月前15日。

Second, FSIS will conduct a review of the state's inspection program.其次，F(xiàn)SIS的將進(jìn)行國(guó)家的檢查計(jì)劃進(jìn)行檢討。 This review consists of an FSIS verification of the state's self-assessment instrument, and supporting documentation, followed by an on-site review of the state program.這項(xiàng)審查是由一個(gè)國(guó)家的自我評(píng)估工具FSIS的驗(yàn)證和證明文件，由國(guó)家方案的現(xiàn)場(chǎng)審查。 The FSIS review team conducts on-site audits by reviewing the state offices and a sample of state meat and poultry plants to verify the state program is operating as described by the self-assessment document. FSIS的審查小組進(jìn)行的通過(guò)審查國(guó)家機(jī)關(guān)，又是國(guó)家的肉類和家禽的植物樣本，以驗(yàn)證的國(guó)家方案的現(xiàn)場(chǎng)審計(jì)是由經(jīng)營(yíng)自我評(píng)估文件中所描述。 This process may require several weeks to complete.這個(gè)過(guò)程可能需要幾個(gè)星期才能完成。 After reviewing the results, FSIS will certify that the state's cooperative inspection program either meets or does not meet the “at least equal-to” requirements.經(jīng)檢討結(jié)果，食品安全檢驗(yàn)局將會(huì)證明，國(guó)家的檢查計(jì)劃或合作符合或不符合“至少等于對(duì)”的要求。

As noted earlier, FSIS has been conducting “equal to” reviews since passage of the Acts in 1967 and 1968.如前所述，食品安全檢驗(yàn)局一直在進(jìn)行“平等，因?yàn)樵?967年和1968年通過(guò)的法令，以”審查。 Since that time, the agency has never unilaterally found that a state inspection program should be discontinued due to inadequacies in its inspection program.自那時(shí)以來(lái)，該機(jī)構(gòu)一直沒(méi)有發(fā)現(xiàn)，一個(gè)國(guó)家單方面檢查計(jì)劃應(yīng)當(dāng)停止在其檢查計(jì)劃因不足之處。 In the mid-1990's, two state programs closed—Florida and Hawaii—because there was a financial incentive to have USDA pay 100 percent of the program operating costs.在90年代中期，兩個(gè)國(guó)家計(jì)劃關(guān)閉，佛羅里達(dá)州和夏威夷，因?yàn)槟抢镉幸粋€(gè)財(cái)務(wù)獎(jiǎng)勵(lì)方案美國(guó)農(nóng)業(yè)部支付經(jīng)營(yíng)成本百分之百。 Meanwhile, three other states—North Dakota, Missouri, and Maine—recently started new programs.與此同時(shí)，其他三個(gè)州，北達(dá)科他州，密蘇里州和緬因州，最近開(kāi)始的新方案。

Enhanced Oversight and Review Activity加強(qiáng)監(jiān)督和考察活動(dòng)

The 2002 Farm Bill contained report language supporting interstate shipment of state-inspected meat and poultry products and required USDA to conduct a new, additional comprehensive review of state inspection programs. 2002年農(nóng)業(yè)法案中報(bào)告的語(yǔ)言支持國(guó)有檢查肉類和家禽產(chǎn)品，并要求美國(guó)農(nóng)業(yè)部進(jìn)行一個(gè)新的，額外的國(guó)家檢查計(jì)劃的全面審查州際運(yùn)輸。 USDA began these reviews in spring/summer 2003.美國(guó)農(nóng)業(yè)部開(kāi)始在春天，這些評(píng)論/ 2003年夏季。 In fall 2004, FSIS updated its policy and procedures for reviewing state inspection programs, including the new FSIS Manual for State Meat and Poultry Inspection Program Reviews that further strengthened testing and training requirements.在2004年秋季，F(xiàn)SIS的更新審查狀態(tài)檢查方案，包括新的食品安全檢驗(yàn)局手冊(cè)國(guó)家肉類及家禽檢查計(jì)劃的意見(jiàn)，進(jìn)一步加強(qiáng)測(cè)試和培訓(xùn)需求的政策和程序。 FSIS issued an Interim Report in June 2005 which found that state inspection programs are “at least equal to” federal inspection. FSIS的2005年6月發(fā)表的中期報(bào)告發(fā)現(xiàn)，國(guó)家檢驗(yàn)方案“至少等同于”聯(lián)邦檢查。 This review data continues to demonstrate that state inspection programs are highly effective and provide consumers with a wholesome, unadulterated food product that is properly labeled and safe.這次審查的數(shù)據(jù)繼續(xù)表明該國(guó)是高度有效的檢查方案，并為消費(fèi)者提供健康的，十足的糧食產(chǎn)品，適當(dāng)標(biāo)簽和安全的。 At a minimum, this review data adds a margin of safety to the state inspection process.至少，這次審查的數(shù)據(jù)增加了對(duì)國(guó)家安全保證金檢查過(guò)程。

Prior to the development of the FSIS Manual for State Meat and Poultry Inspection Program Reviews, FSIS required each state to submit an annual State Performance Plan ix .之前，回顧發(fā)展的FSIS的手冊(cè)國(guó)家肉類及家禽檢查計(jì)劃，食品安全檢驗(yàn)局要求每個(gè)國(guó)家每年提交國(guó)家績(jī)效計(jì)劃九 。 This directive was before the passage of the Hazard Analysis & Critical Control Points (HACCP) x , so many food safety measures now required of establishments were absent from the earlier directive.此指令)的HACCP體系通過(guò)之前的危害分析與關(guān)鍵控制點(diǎn)(x，所以現(xiàn)在很多食品安全的措施要求對(duì)缺席單位從以前的指令。 Now, more emphasis is given to eliminating or preventing food borne illness pathogens and verifying this control through laboratory testing.現(xiàn)在，更多的重點(diǎn)放在消除或防止食物源性疾病的病原體通過(guò)實(shí)驗(yàn)室測(cè)試和驗(yàn)證這種控制。 The current process of self-assessments and on-site reviews are also more structured and comprehensive.自我評(píng)估和現(xiàn)場(chǎng)審查目前的進(jìn)程，也更有條理和全面。 Each state program is required to perform an in-depth internal audit of its program and FSIS reviewers, trained in the latest food safety system evaluation methodology, have specific guidance for verifying state program implementation.每個(gè)州的方案是需要執(zhí)行一項(xiàng)深入的審評(píng)程序和FSIS在最新的食物安全系統(tǒng)評(píng)估方法的培訓(xùn)，內(nèi)部審計(jì)，對(duì)國(guó)家計(jì)劃的執(zhí)行情況核查的具體指導(dǎo)。

Interstate Shipment州際貨運(yùn)

The 1967 and 1968 Meat and Poultry Inspection Acts prohibit state-inspected products (beef, poultry, pork, lamb and goat) from being sold in interstate commerce. 1967年和1968年肉類和家禽檢查行為的禁止?fàn)顟B(tài)視察產(chǎn)品(牛肉，家禽，豬肉，羊肉，羊)被出售州際貿(mào)易。 However, the prohibition does not apply to “non-amenable” products—such as venison, pheasant, quail, rabbit, alligator and a host of other meats.然而，禁令并不適用于“不適合”的產(chǎn)品，如鹿肉，野雞，鵪鶉，兔，鱷魚(yú)以及其他肉類的主機(jī)。 With the exception of voluntary inspection offered by FSIS for a fee, these products are normally regulated by the state inspection programs yet, can be shipped in interstate commerce without restriction.隨著由FSIS提供有償自愿檢查外，這些產(chǎn)品通常受國(guó)家檢查計(jì)劃的是，可以在不受任何限制州際貿(mào)易發(fā)運(yùn)。

State-inspected meat and poultry are the only commodities that are restricted from sale across state lines.國(guó)家檢查肉類和家禽是正在從跨州銷售只限于商品。 Other commodities, such as milk, dairy products, fruit, vegetables, fish, shellfish, and complex canned products, which are inspected under state jurisdiction, are allowed to be marketed freely throughout the US其他商品，如牛奶，奶制品，水果，蔬菜，魚(yú)類，貝類，以及復(fù)雜的罐頭產(chǎn)品，是國(guó)家管轄下的檢驗(yàn)，被允許可以自由地在美國(guó)各地銷售

Legislation to allow interstate shipment of state-inspected meat and poultry products has been introduced and debated in Congress for more than a decade.立法，允許國(guó)有檢查肉類和家禽制品的州際運(yùn)輸已經(jīng)制定，在國(guó)會(huì)辯論了超過(guò)10年。

The 1996 Farm Bill required USDA to submit recommendations to Congress on the steps necessary to achieve interstate meat shipment. 1996年農(nóng)業(yè)法案要求美國(guó)農(nóng)業(yè)部提交必要的步驟向國(guó)會(huì)提出建議，以實(shí)現(xiàn)州際肉裝運(yùn)。 Following public hearings, USDA developed a concept paper for a legislative proposal, which was reviewed and approved by USDA's National Advisory Committee on Meat and Poultry Inspection.經(jīng)過(guò)公開(kāi)聽(tīng)證會(huì)，美國(guó)農(nóng)業(yè)部制定了一項(xiàng)立法建議，這是審查和美國(guó)農(nóng)業(yè)部的國(guó)家咨詢委員會(huì)的肉類和家禽檢查批準(zhǔn)了概念文件。

Draft legislation based on the concept paper was written by USDA and transmitted to the Senate by then-Vice President Al Gore.立法草案的概念文件是由美國(guó)農(nóng)業(yè)部和書(shū)面轉(zhuǎn)交當(dāng)時(shí)的副總統(tǒng)戈?duì)栂騾⒆h院基礎(chǔ)。 A bill to allow interstate shipment (S. 1988) was subsequently introduced in November 1999 by Sens. Tom Daschle (D-SD) and Orrin Hatch (RUT) with twenty-two cosponsors.一個(gè)法案，允許跨州運(yùn)輸(南1988)，其后在1999年11月推出的參議員湯姆達(dá)施勒等(D - SD)和奧林哈奇(車轍)與2002年的共同提案國(guó)。

At Senate Agriculture Committee hearings in April 2000, USDA Deputy Secretary Richard Rominger testified for the department and supported removing the ban on interstate meat在參議院農(nóng)業(yè)委員會(huì)2000年4月在聽(tīng)證會(huì)上，美國(guó)農(nóng)業(yè)部副部長(zhǎng)理查德羅明杰作證的部門(mén)，并支持取消對(duì)州際肉類禁令

shipment.裝運(yùn)。

As noted earlier, the 2002 Farm Bill included report language supporting the merits of interstate meat shipment and required USDA to conduct a new, comprehensive review of state inspection如前所述，2002年的農(nóng)業(yè)法案，包括報(bào)告的語(yǔ)言支持的跨州運(yùn)送肉類的優(yōu)點(diǎn)，并要求美國(guó)農(nóng)業(yè)部進(jìn)行一個(gè)新的，全面檢討國(guó)家免檢

programs.方案。 The language states:語(yǔ)言的國(guó)家：

“The goal of providing a safe, wholesome, abundant and affordable supply of meat and meat food products throughout the US is achieved, in part, through the role played by both state and federal food safety inspection systems. “的目標(biāo)提供一個(gè)安全，健康，豐富的產(chǎn)品供應(yīng)和負(fù)擔(dān)得起的肉類和肉類食品在整個(gè)美國(guó)實(shí)現(xiàn)部分，通過(guò)檢查系統(tǒng)的安全所發(fā)揮的作用，州和聯(lián)邦食品。 The state and federal meat inspection programs should continue to function together to create an inspection system that ensures food safety and increases consumer confidence in the food supply in both intrastate and interstate commerce. 該州和聯(lián)邦肉類檢查方案應(yīng)繼續(xù)發(fā)揮作用，共同創(chuàng)造一個(gè)檢查制度，確保糧食安全，提高消費(fèi)者的信任和州際商務(wù)的糧食供應(yīng)在這兩個(gè)州內(nèi)。 These goals cannot be met in the absence of viable state meat inspection programs that help foster the participation of smaller establishments in the food production economy.” 這些目標(biāo)不能得到滿足的情況下在經(jīng)濟(jì)可行的國(guó)家肉類檢查計(jì)劃，幫助促進(jìn)生產(chǎn)的較小型機(jī)構(gòu)參與的食品?！?

Three USDA Advisory Committees have recommended that the ban on interstate shipment be removed: USDA's Advisory Committee on Agricultural Concentration (June 1996); USDA's National Commission on Small Farms (January 1998); and the National Advisory Committee on Meat and Poultry Inspection (NACMPI), (May 1998 and June 2002).三美國(guó)農(nóng)業(yè)部咨詢委員會(huì)已建議對(duì)州際運(yùn)輸禁令被刪除：美國(guó)農(nóng)業(yè)部的咨詢委員會(huì)農(nóng)業(yè)濃度(1996年6月)，對(duì)小農(nóng)場(chǎng)(1998年1月)美國(guó)農(nóng)業(yè)部的全國(guó)委員會(huì)，以及國(guó)家咨詢委員會(huì)肉類和家禽檢查(NACMPI) (1998年5月和2002年6月)。

Development of a Risk-Based Inspection System開(kāi)發(fā)一個(gè)基于風(fēng)險(xiǎn)的檢測(cè)系統(tǒng)

In the 1980's and 1990's there was much debate about whether the meat and poultry inspection programs, which were first designed in the early 1900's, had kept pace with changes in the food production and marketing industries, and with perceived hazards—whether naturally occurring or intentionally caused by human intervention.在20世紀(jì)80年代和90年代有許多辯論是否肉類和家禽的檢查方案，首先在1900年代初期設(shè)計(jì)的，一直與在食品生產(chǎn)和銷售業(yè)的轉(zhuǎn)變步伐，被認(rèn)為具有危險(xiǎn)，無(wú)論是自然發(fā)生的或故意所造成的人為干預(yù)。

Traditional inspection under the original meat and poultry statutes provided constant organoleptic inspection (sight-smell-touch) at slaughter operations and daily inspection of sample products and operations at processing plants.根據(jù)原來(lái)的肉類和家禽的法例中不斷提供感官檢驗(yàn)檢查(視力，嗅覺(jué)，觸覺(jué))在屠宰業(yè)務(wù)和產(chǎn)品的抽樣檢查，并在日常業(yè)務(wù)處理廠。 In the early 1990's, food safety officials recognized that most food borne illness traced to meat and poultry products were caused by naturally occurring microbiological contamination that was not adequately addressed by the traditional sight-smell-touch-based system of inspection.在90年代初，食品安全官員承認(rèn)，大部分食源性疾病追溯至肉類和禽類產(chǎn)品是由天然微生物污染，沒(méi)有充分的傳統(tǒng)觀光無(wú)味觸摸式檢查系統(tǒng)處理造成的。 Thus, USDA began to add testing for pathogenic bacteria on various species and products to the inspection system.因此，美國(guó)農(nóng)業(yè)部開(kāi)始增加對(duì)各種致病細(xì)菌種類和產(chǎn)品測(cè)試，以檢查制度。 This “modernization” of the meat and poultry inspection system was based on the principles of reducing the “risks” of food borne disease to consumers.這種“現(xiàn)代化的肉類和家禽的檢查制度”的基礎(chǔ)上減少“風(fēng)險(xiǎn)”食物源性疾病對(duì)消費(fèi)者的原則。 In order to maintain “equal to” status, state programs have been required to enact these same measures.為了保持“等于”的地位，需要國(guó)家方案已經(jīng)制定同樣的措施。

Hazard Analysis & Critical Control Points (HACCP) System危害分析與關(guān)鍵控制點(diǎn)(HACCP)系統(tǒng)

In 1996, USDA finalized a sweeping new risk reduction system called Hazard Analysis and Critical Control Point (HACCP). 1996年，美國(guó)農(nóng)業(yè)部完成了全面的新的風(fēng)險(xiǎn)降低系統(tǒng)，稱為危害分析和關(guān)鍵控制點(diǎn) (HACCP體系)。 Under this system, meat processing establishments must analyze risks in each phase of production, identifying and then monitoring “critical control points” for preventing such hazards, and taking corrective actions when necessary.根據(jù)這一制度，肉類加工企業(yè)必須分析每個(gè)生產(chǎn)階段的風(fēng)險(xiǎn)，確定，并監(jiān)督“為防止這種危害的關(guān)鍵控制點(diǎn)”，并在必要時(shí)采取糾正行動(dòng)。 Record keeping and verification are used to ensure that the system is working.記錄和核查，以確保使用該系統(tǒng)的工作。 Since January 2000, all slaughter and processing operations are required to have HACCP plans in place.自2000年1月，所有屠宰加工業(yè)務(wù)須有HACCP在制訂計(jì)劃。 HACCP is intended to operate as an additional measure of safety to the traditional methods of inspection, which are still mandatory under the original statutes. HACCP體系的目的是要作為一個(gè)額外的安全檢查措施，以傳統(tǒng)方法，它仍在原來(lái)的強(qiáng)制性法規(guī)。

vi Poultry Products Inspection Act, 21 USC chapter 10 §§ 451 et seq六，家禽產(chǎn)品檢驗(yàn)法，南加州大學(xué)第10章21 § § 451及以下

vii FSIS Directive 5720.2 and modified with the re-issuance of the directive in November 2004 (Revision 3)第七FSIS的指令5720.2與重新在2004年11月(第三次修訂指令發(fā)出修改)

viii FSIS Directive 5720.2 Revision 3 provides a detailed oversight and review strategy composed of two parts.第八FSIS的指令5720.2第三次修訂版提供了詳細(xì)的監(jiān)督和審查戰(zhàn)略兩部分組成。

ix FSIS Directive 5720.2 Revision 2 (7/24/92) ㈨FSIS的指令5720.2修訂2(7/24/92)

x Hazard Analysis and Critical Control Point, or HACCP (pronounced hassip) was adopted by federal agencies via regulation, through current statutory authority. X危險(xiǎn)分析和關(guān)鍵控制點(diǎn)，或HACCP(發(fā)音hassip)通過(guò)了聯(lián)邦機(jī)構(gòu)通過(guò)調(diào)節(jié)電流通過(guò)法定權(quán)限。 The Food and Drug Administration (FDA) adopted regulations for the low-acid canned food industry.美國(guó)食品和藥物管理局(FDA)通過(guò)了低酸罐頭食品行業(yè)法規(guī)。 FDA also established HACCP for the seafood industry in a final rule December 18, 1995 and for the juice industry in a final rule released January 19, 2001. FDA還建立HACCP體系的海產(chǎn)品行業(yè)在最終法規(guī)1995年12月18日，為果汁行業(yè)的1月19日公布的最終規(guī)則，2001年。 In 1998, the US Department of Agriculture established HACCP for meat and poultry processing plants. 1998年，美國(guó)農(nóng)業(yè)部建立HACCP體系的肉類和家禽加工廠。 Most of these establishments were required to start using HACCP by January 1999; very small plants had until Jan. 25, 2000.這些機(jī)構(gòu)大多都需要通過(guò)1999年1月開(kāi)始使用HACCP體系;非常小廠，直到2000年1月25日已。 (USDA regulates meat and poultry; FDA all other foods.) (美國(guó)農(nóng)業(yè)部規(guī)定肉類和家禽; FDA的所有其他食品。)

xi Supreme Beef v. USDA, 5th Cir.第十一最高牛肉訴美國(guó)農(nóng)業(yè)部，第五西爾。 Ct. CT檢查。 of Appeals, 113 F. Supp.2d 1048, 1052-53 (ND Tex. 2000).上訴，113號(hào)薩普0.2 D 1048年，1052年至1053年(2000年得克薩斯州不詳)。